Bad-jacketing is "the practice of creating suspicion—through the spreading of rumors, manufacturing of evidence, etc.—which allude to bona fide key organizational members as being either FBI/police informers, or guilty of offenses such as skimming organization funds."[1] Scholar Mark Anthony Neal writes that the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) under J. Edgar Hoover used the technique against the Black Panther Party (BPP) and other Black Power organizations as part of its COINTELPRO operations.[1] Neal writes that this technique was effective in isolating key individuals, forcing them out of the organization, and that its effectiveness was enhanced by the tendency of Black Power activists to divide among "rigid racial, ideological, and increasingly gendered" lines.[1] The practice was notably used by the FBI informants to create a climate of suspicion within the Black Panther Party[2] and American Indian Movement (AIM),[3] which resulted in the murder of a number of AIM activists that had been subjected to bad-jacketing, including Pedro Bissonette,[4] Byron DeSersa[5] and Anna Mae Aquash.[6]