Last I read in-depth on AI was ages ago, but iirc I think a counter the idea of the Turing test was "The Chinese Room." (Going off of memory here...)

Stick a man in a room with a book containing every possible combo of Chinese characters and phrases. Essentially contains every possible sentence you could create in Chinese.

Have a Chinese person write something down in Chinese on a slip of paper and pass it through a slot to the man in the room. The man in the room would have no freaking idea what the characters mean but he'd be able to write a response to it with his Chinese phrasebook. The Chinese person thinks he's talking to someone that actually knows, comprehends, and understands what he's writing down and passing through the slot into the room.