Culturally ingrained behaviors start with enforcement. Littering was much more common in America until there was a long advertising and enforcement campaign against it (some of this was cynically funded by companies that wanted to keep producing cheap disposable products and not be blamed for the waste, but regardless, behavior still changed). I honestly think even India could be fixed with better leadership. I've seen cats that have been trained to use toilets.

As far as going back to fees, cities have successfully rolled out congestion fees, so charging for driving which was once free. So I don't see why fees couldn't be rolled back in if it became overcrowded. But really, which would be a better use of funds - adding a bunch of fee taking systems to reduce congestion, or adding more trains to the lines?