For me it would have to be Revolt Against the Modern World by Julius Evola. No matter where you are in life, no matter how sure you are of your beliefs, this book will at least cause you some mental conflict. I'm sure by now many of you will have either heard of it, or read it, but it's essentially the anti modernist manifesto. Evola makes great arguments for hierarchy, against secularism, against female liberation, and essentially a return to older more Pagan values. The book is very critical of Christianity, but Evola argues his points persuasively, with many of his arguments being hard to deny. The book certainly hasn't made me a Pagan, but it's certainly made me think, so I'd highly recommend it.
What book would you choose?
Industrial Society and it's Future, by Ted Kacyzinski. It is a short critique of the political and social consequences of adopting advanced technology into our society. A little newer than the other suggestions I see here as it was written in 1996, but it is still extremely relevant to today's circumstances. It's not copyrighted so you can actually read free copies online.
Edited to add link for anyone who wants to read
http://besser.tsoa.nyu.edu/howard/Anarchism/Unabom/manifesto2.html