From my understanding of how tariffs as a whole work, the government(s) of the country the imports come from do not pay the tariffs, the company actually importing the good does, and the vast majority of companies will simply hike the price of a product up so they make the same amount of money, and pass the tariff onto the customer. This is one year where I honestly completely checked out of policy, so I'm not sure what tax incentives or other incentives that Trump said he would implement so that companies won't just keep using the cheap foreign labor and raise the prices on American customers. What are those incentives, because I highly doubt that companies are going to all of a sudden pay Americans decent wages for the labor just because of the tariff.
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The theory is fairly simple.
A tariff is a tax on foreign goods. This serves several purposes. Firstly as an incentive for domestic manufacturing. A tariff is an opportunity cost these companies pay for using cheaper foreign labor and bypassing native jobs. Ideally a tariff equalizes out the perverse incentive that is outsourcing.
Secondly it does increase prices of foreign sourced goods. Thereby making local goods more attractive in comparison. The best economies are local ones, self sustaining to the highest degree possible. Because stability matters in economics. The less your supply chain can be disrupted by events outside your control the more secure you are.
I'd also like to point out that the federal government was, prior to adopting Keynesian economics and institution our current system of onerous taxation, almost entirely funded by tariffs on foreign imports.
The Chinese do this too. To a greater extent than even Trump is proposing. To do business there you literally have to create a subsidiary and appoint a Han Chinese man as head of the business, along with yielding your process secrets and intellectual property. The other arguments aside, why on earth would it work for them for the last thirty years but not work for us? Before the cursed Clinton administration lifted our sanctions on them their economic power was pathetic, now they dominate the globe and they did it with aggressively protectionists trade policy.